Saturday, March 30, 2013
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Wide Frequency Range 555 VCO
The 555 frequency can be varied via adjusting the voltage at pin 5. However, the range and linearity of frequency adjustment is very limited. This is a way to greatly improve performance using the inverted 555 timer circuit that was previously posted.
Current source
Q2 is connected in the common base configuration. In this mode of operation, the collector current is a function of emitter current regardless of the collector voltage. In this way, it can perform a linear charge function upon C1. The emitter must be driven from a negative supply voltage. Frequency is scaled to 10V = 10kHZ via R5. Frequency range in this set-up is 180 to 10kHZ.
Bias transistor
Q3 is wired as a self-biasing transistor by connecting the base to the collector and feeding it a bias current via R4. Voltage drop is 0.6V. Originally, I had a 1N4148 diode and its voltage drop was 0.45V that added too much offset to the emitter of Q1. Ideally, the voltage drop across Q3 should equal Vbe of Q2. This is a compromise because they are matched only under the condition of Ie = (9V – 0.6V) /R4 = 84uA. The emitter current varies from about 3 to 303uA.
Lowest low end offset would occur with both transistors matched and R4 increased to 3M—in that case, the hFE @ 3uA must >100—this looks practical, but would require a different transistor selection—I did not experiment with this option.
Reset transistor
Q1 is a 2N4401. It varies from the 2N3904 in that its current gain (hFE) is optimized at a higher current. The reset current must be high due to its low duty cycle.
Oscillographs
Linearity
Linearity is shown over two orders of magnitude. While not perfect, it shows how the circuit performs. The error on the low end is caused by input offset voltage that is not perfectly nulled via the voltage drop of Q3. On the high end, non-linearity is caused by the finite reset time of the 555 that runs about 6% @ 10kHZ.
Spread sheet data
There is some extra stuff here to generate a -10V reference from a single 19V supply.
Disadvantages
Frequency is a function of Vcc—requires stable supply
High component count
Requires negative reference voltage—no issue if already using split supply
Conclusion
I do not generally recommend this circuit, but believe that it would make a great lab experiment for those who really want to learn more about VCO’s and the versatile 555.
For the future
XR4151 VCO circuit
Charge pump VCO circuit
Preferred components for the serious experimenter
2N4401, 600mA, 60V, hFE = 100 @ 150mA
Digikey 2N4401-ND
$0.20 each
EBC pinout
2N3904, 200mA, 60V, hFE = 100 @ 10mA,
Digikey 2N3904FS-ND
$0.18 each
EBC pinout
readmore...
555 VCO Schematic
Current source
Q2 is connected in the common base configuration. In this mode of operation, the collector current is a function of emitter current regardless of the collector voltage. In this way, it can perform a linear charge function upon C1. The emitter must be driven from a negative supply voltage. Frequency is scaled to 10V = 10kHZ via R5. Frequency range in this set-up is 180 to 10kHZ.
Bias transistor
Q3 is wired as a self-biasing transistor by connecting the base to the collector and feeding it a bias current via R4. Voltage drop is 0.6V. Originally, I had a 1N4148 diode and its voltage drop was 0.45V that added too much offset to the emitter of Q1. Ideally, the voltage drop across Q3 should equal Vbe of Q2. This is a compromise because they are matched only under the condition of Ie = (9V – 0.6V) /R4 = 84uA. The emitter current varies from about 3 to 303uA.
Lowest low end offset would occur with both transistors matched and R4 increased to 3M—in that case, the hFE @ 3uA must >100—this looks practical, but would require a different transistor selection—I did not experiment with this option.
Reset transistor
Q1 is a 2N4401. It varies from the 2N3904 in that its current gain (hFE) is optimized at a higher current. The reset current must be high due to its low duty cycle.
Oscillographs
Spread sheet data
link to wide range 555 VCO.xls
Protoboard setupThere is some extra stuff here to generate a -10V reference from a single 19V supply.
Disadvantages
Frequency is a function of Vcc—requires stable supply
High component count
Requires negative reference voltage—no issue if already using split supply
Conclusion
I do not generally recommend this circuit, but believe that it would make a great lab experiment for those who really want to learn more about VCO’s and the versatile 555.
For the future
XR4151 VCO circuit
Charge pump VCO circuit
Preferred components for the serious experimenter
2N4401, 600mA, 60V, hFE = 100 @ 150mA
Digikey 2N4401-ND
$0.20 each
EBC pinout
2N4401 datasheet
2N3904, 200mA, 60V, hFE = 100 @ 10mA,
Digikey 2N3904FS-ND
$0.18 each
EBC pinout
2N3904 datasheet
555 datasheet
Test Beeper For Your Stereo
The test beeper generates a sinusoidal signal with a frequency of 1,000 Hz, a common test frequency for audio amplifiers. It consists of a classical Wien- Bridge oscillator (also known as a Wien-Robinson oscillator). The network that determines the frequency consists here of a series connection of a resistor and capacitor (R1/C1) and a parallel connection (R2/C2), where the values of the resistors and capacitors are equal to each other. This network behaves, at the oscillator frequency (1 kHz in this case), as two pure resistors. The opamp (IC1) ensures that the attenuation of the net- work (3 times) is compensated for. In principle a gain of 3 times should have been sufficient to sustain the oscillation, but that is in theory. Because of tolerances in the values, the amplification needs to be (automatically) adjusted.
Circuit diagram:
Test Beeper For Your Stereo circuit Diagram
Instead of an intelligent amplitude controller we chose for a somewhat simpler solution. With P1, R3 and R4 you can adjust the gain to the point that oscillation takes place. The range of P1 (±10%) is large enough the cover the tolerance range. To sustain the oscillation, a gain of slightly more than 3 times is required, which would, however, cause the amplifier to clip (the ‘round-trip’ signal becomes increasingly larger, after all). To prevent this from happening, a resistor in se-ries with two anti-parallel diodes (D1 and D2) are connected in parallel with the feedback (P1 and R3). If the voltage increases to the point that the threshold voltage of the diodes is exceed-ed, then these will slowly start to conduct.
The consequence of this is that the total resistance of the feedback is reduced and with that also the amplitude of the signal. So D1 and D2 provide a stabilising function. The distortion of this simple oscillator, after adjustment of P1 and an output voltage of 100 mV (P2 to maximum) is around 0,1%. You can adjust the amplitude of the output signal with P2 as required for the application. The circuit is powered from a 9-V battery. Because of the low current consumption of only 2 mA the circuit will provide many hours of service.
http://streampowers.blogspot.com/2012/05/test-beeper-for-your-stereo.html
Friday, March 29, 2013
Cuckoo Sound Simulator Synthesizer Generator Circuit
A two tone effect very much alike cuckoo sound is generated by this circuit. We can use this circuit for door-bells or other purposes thanks to a built-in audio amplifier and loudspeaker. Used as a sound effect generator, it can be connected to external amplifier, tape recorder, etc. The built-in audio amplifier and loudspeaker may be omitted and the output taken from C8 and ground in this case. There are two options: when SW1 is left open, we can use free running and when SW1 is closed we can use one-shot. A two-tone cuckoo sound will be generated each time P1 pushbutton is pressed in this case. This is the figure of the circuit;
IC1 is wired as a squarewave generator and two tones of cuckoo sound is produced by this IC. The frequency of the higher one (667Hz) is set by means of Trimmer R2. A further trimmer (R22) is added to IC1 timing components via D6, and the lower tone (545Hz) is generated when IC2D output goes low. The the squarewave output of IC1 is converted to a quasi-sinusoidal waveform by R3, R4, C3 and C4, then mixed with the white noise generated by Q1, R6 to imitate closely the cuckoo sound.Q2 has two purposes: it mixes the two incoming signals and gates the resulting tone, shaping its attack and decay behavior by means of the parts wired around its Emitter.
R15 is the volume control and IC4 is the audio power amplifier driving the speaker. The clock generator IC2A driving the decade counter IC3 provides the various sound and pause timings for the circuit. Some output pins of this IC are gated by IC2C, IC2D and related components to drive appropriately the sound generator and the sound gate. The circuit operates in the free-running mode and a cuckoo sound is generated continuously when SW1 is left open. the circuit generates two tones then stops, because a high state appears at the last output pin (#11) of the decade counter IC: therefore the count is inhibited by means of D1 feeding pin #13 when SW1 is closed. When P1 is pressed, the circuit is reset by a positive pulse at pin #15 of IC3. If the two tones frequencies are set precisely, the best result will be obtained. i.e. 667Hz for the first tone and 545Hz for the second (called Minor Third in musical terms). If available, a digital frequency would be the best tool to set up R2 and R22. You can use a musical instrument such as piano or guitar. Here’s the step to tuning-up the notes by musical instrument: First, we have to disconnect R22 from D6 diode temporarily then connect the digital frequency counter to pin 3 od IC1. To read 667Hz on the display, adjust R2 in order then connect R22 to negative ground and adjust it to read 545 Hz on the display and finally reconnect R22-D6.
Then, steps to tuning by ear: First, disconnect R22 from D6 anode temporarily. Disconnect C8 from Q2 Collector and connect it to R4, C4 and C5 junction. After that, adjust R2 in order that the tone generated by the loudspeaker is at the same pitch of the reference note generated by your musical instrument. This reference note will be the E written on the stave in the fourth space when using the treble clef. Then, Connect R22 to negative ground and adjust it in order that the tone generated by the loudspeaker is at the same pitch of the reference note generated by your musical instrument. This second reference note will be the C-sharp written on the stave in the third space when using the treble clef. Finally reconnect R22-D6 and C8-Q2 connections. For your note, the master clock can be adjusted by means of R18. The percentage of hiss and sound in the mixing circuit, setting the tone character, can be varied changing R8 and R7 values respectively. Any kind of dc voltage supply in the 12 – 15V range can be used, but please note that supply voltages below 12V will prevent operation of the white noise generator and an amusing application of this circuit is to use a photo-resistor in place of P1, then placing the unit near the flashing lamps of your Christmas tree. A sweet cuckoo sound will be heard each time the lamp chosen will illuminate.
Multitasking Pins Circuit
It’s entirely logical that low-cost miniature microcontrollers have fewer ‘legs’ than their bigger brothers and sisters – sometimes too few. The author has given some consideration to how to economise on pins, making them do the work of several. It occurred that one could exploit the high impedance feature of a tri-state output. In this way the signal produced by the high impedance state could be used for example as a CS signal of two ICs or else as a RD/ WR signal.
Circuit diagram:
Multitasking Pins Circuit Diagram
All we need are two op-amps or comparators sharing a single operating voltage of 5 V and outputs capable of reaching full Low and High levels in 5-V operation (preferably types with rail-to-rail outputs). Suitable examples to use are the LM393 or LM311.The resistances in the voltage dividers in this circuit are uniformly 10 kilo ohms. Consequently input A lies at half the operating voltage (2.5 V), assuming nothing is connected to the input – or the microcontroller pin connected is at high impedance. The non-inverting input of IC1A lies at two thirds and the inverting input of IC1B at one third of the operating voltage, so that in both cases the outputs are set at High state. If the microcontroller pin at input A becomes Low, the output of IC1B becomes Low and that of IC1A goes High. If A is High, everything is reversed.
Author : Roland Plisch Copyright: Elektor Electronics 2008
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